19th century Totally Explained

Everything about Nineteenth Century totally explained

The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar.
   During the 19th century, the Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Ottoman empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal empires ceased.
   Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one third of the land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy. During this time the 19th century was an era of widespread invention and discovery, with significant developments in the understanding or manipulation of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy largely setting the groundworks for the comparably overwhelming and very rapid technological innovations which would take place the following century. Modest advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention were also applicable to the 1800s, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. The introduction of Railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, and their placement and application radically altered the ways people could live and rapidly and reliably obtain necessary commodities, fueling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of 1,000,000 or more during this century, the first time which cities surpassed the peak population of ancient Rome. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, largely pacific island chains and atolls, were discovered during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. Britain abolished slavery in 1834, America's 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888 (see Abolitionism). Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia.
   The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australasia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century.

Eras

Industrial revolution
British Regency, Victorian era (UK, British Empire)
Bourbon Restoration, July Monarchy, French Second Republic, Second French Empire, French Third Republic (France)
Edo period, Meiji period (Japan)
Qing Dynasty (China)
Tanzimat, First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
Russian Empire
American Manifest Destiny

Events

1800s

1800: The Company of Surgeons are awarded their Royal Charter and become The Royal College of Surgeons of England.

1800: The inception of the Second Great Awakening for the United States.

1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom.

1801: Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab.

1801–15: Barbary War between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa

1803: The United States buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U.S.'s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.

1803: Saudi Wahhabists conquered Mecca and destroyed various shrines.

1804: Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic.

1804: Austrian Empire founded by Francis I.

1804–10: Fulani Jihad in Nigeria.

1804–13: The First Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule.

1805–48: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt.

1806: Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Lunéville.

1807: Kingdom of Great Britain declares the Slave Trade illegal.

1808–09: Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War.

1808–14: Spanish guerrillas fight in the Peninsular War.

1809: Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim.

1810s

1810: The University of Berlin, the world's first research university, is founded. Among its students and faculty are Hegel, Marx, and Bismarck. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities).

1810s–20s: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish and Portuguese Empires after the Mexican War of Independence and the South American Wars of Independence.

1812: The French invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars.

1812–15: War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom

1813–1907: The contest between the British Empire and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia is referred to as the Great Game.

1815: The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. The Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but it fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent.

1815: Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870.

1816: Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely caused by the 1815 explosion of Mount Tambora.

1816–28: Shaka's Zulu kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa.

1819: The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company.

1820s

1820: Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves.

1821–27: Greece becomes the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence.

1823–87: The British Empire annexed Burma (now called Myanmar) after three Anglo-Burmese Wars.

1825: Erie Canal opened connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.

1826–28: After the final Russo-Persian War, the Persian Empire took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war.

1825–28: The Argentina-Brazil War results in the independence of Uruguay.

1830s

1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is established on April 6, 1830.

1830: The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium.

1830: Greater Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador, and Venezuela took its place.

1831: France invades and occupies Algeria.

1833: Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire.

1833–76: Carlist Wars in Spain.

1834: Spanish Inquisition officially ends.

1834–59: Imam Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus.

1835–36: The Texas Revolution in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas.

1837–1838: Rebellions of 1837 in Canada.

1837–1901: Queen Victoria's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era.

1838-40: Civil war in the Federal Republic of Central America led to the foundings of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

1839-51: Uruguayan Civil War

1839-60: After two Opium Wars, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia gained many concessions from China resulting in the decline of the Qing Dynasty.

1840s

1840: New Zealand is founded, as the Treaty of Waitangi is signed by the Maori and British.

1844: First publicly funded telegraph line in the world - between Baltimore and Washington - sends demonstration message on May 24, ushering in the age of the telegraph.

1844: Millerite movement awaits the Second Advent of Jesus Christ on October 22. Christ's non-appearance becomes known as the Great Disappointment.

1844: Persian Prophet the Báb announces his revelation, founding Bábísm. He announced to the world of the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest." He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith.

1844: Dominican War of Independence from Haiti.

1845: Unification of the Kingdom of Tonga under Tāufaʻāhau (King George Tupou I)

1845–49: The Irish Potato Famine led to the Irish diaspora.

1846–48: The Mexican-American War leads to Mexico's cession of much of the modern-day Southwestern United States.

1846–47: Mormon migration to Utah.

1847–1901: The Caste War of Yucatán.

1848: The Communist Manifesto published.

1848: Revolutions of 1848 in Europe

1848-58: California Gold Rush

1850s

1850: The Little Ice Age ends around this time.

1851: The Great Exhibition in London was the world's first international Expo or World's Fair.

1851–60s: Victorian gold rush in Australia

1851–64: The Taiping Rebellion in China is the bloodiest conflict of the century.

1854: The Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan's policy of isolation.

1854–56: Crimean War between France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire and Russia

1855: Bessemer process enables steel to be mass produced.

1856: World's first oil refinery in Romania

1857–58: Indian Rebellion of 1857

1859: The Origin of Species published.

1860s

1861–65: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy

1861: Russia abolishes serfdom.

1861–67: French intervention in Mexico

1862–1877: Muslim Rebellion in northwest China.

1863: Formation of the International Red Cross is followed by the adoption of the First Geneva Convention in 1864.

1863–1865: Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.

1864-66: The Chincha Islands War was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies.

1864-70: The War of the Triple Alliance ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population.

1865-77: Reconstruction in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858.

1866: Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.

1866-1868: Famine in Finland.

1866-69: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarks on a program of rapid modernization.

1867: The United States purchased Alaska from Russia.

1867: Canadian Confederation formed.

1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States.

1869: The Suez Canal opens linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.

1870s

1870-71: The Franco-Prussian War results in the unifications of Germany and Italy, the collapse of the Second French Empire, the breakdown of Pax Britannica, and the emergence of a New Imperialism.

1871-1872: Famine in Persia is believed to have caused the death of 2 million.

1871-1914: Second Industrial Revolution

1870s-90s: Long Depression in Western Europe and North America

1872: Yellowstone National Park is created.

1873: Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism published.

1874: The British East India Company is dissolved.

1874-1875: First Republic in Spain.

1875-1900: 26 million Indians perished in India due to famine.

1876: The Bulgarian revolt against Ottoman rule.

1876-1879: 13 million Chinese died of famine in northern China.

1876-1914: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the Gilded Age.

1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike.

1877-78: The Balkans are freed from the Ottoman Empire after another Russo-Turkish War in the Treaty of Berlin.

1878: First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut.

1879: Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa.

1879-83: Chile battles with Peru and Bolivia over Andean territory in the War of the Pacific.

1880s

1880-1881: the First Boer War.

1881: First electrical power plant and grid in Godalming, Britain.

1881-1899: The Mahdist War in Sudan.

1883: Krakatoa volcano explosion.

1884-85: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European "scramble for Africa". Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves.

1884-85: The Sino-French War led to the formation of French Indochina.

1885 : "The Strange Case of Dr. Jeky'll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is Published.

1886: Russian-Circassian War ended with the defeat and the exile of many Circassians. Imam Shamil defeated.

1888: Jack the Ripper began murdering.

1888: Slavery banned in Brazil.

1889: Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadi Muslim Community.

1889: End of the Brazilian Empire and the beginning of the Brazilian Republic

1890s

1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre was the last battle in the American Indian Wars. This event represents the end of the American Old West.

1894-95: After the First Sino-Japanese War, China cedes Taiwan to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea.

1895-1896: Ethiopia defeats Italy in the First Italo–Ethiopian War.

1896: Olympic games revived in Athens.

1896: Klondike Gold Rush in Canada.

1897: Gojong, or Emperor Gwangmu, proclaims the short-lived Korean Empire: lasts until 1910.

1898: The United States gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.

1898-1900: The Boxer Rebellion in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance.

1898-1902: The One Thousand Days war in Colombia breaks out between the "Liberales" and "Conservadores," culminating with the loss of Panama in 1903.

1899: Second Boer War begins (-1902); Philippine-American War begins (-1913).

Significant people

Clara Barton, nurse, pioneer of the American Red Cross

Sitting Bull, a leader of the Lakota

Davy Crockett, King of the wild frontier, folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician

Jefferson Davis, Confederate States President

William Gilbert Grace, English cricketer

Baron Haussmann, civic planner

Franz Joseph I of Austria, Emperor of Austria

Chief Joseph, a leader of the Nez Percé

Ned Kelly, Australian folk hero, and outlaw

Elizabeth Kenny, Australian Nurse and found an Innovative Treatment of Polio

Sándor Körösi Csoma, explorer of the Tibetan culture

Abraham Lincoln, United States President

Fitz Hugh Ludlow, writer and explorer

Florence Nightingale, nursing pioneer

Napoleon I, First Consul and Emperor of the French

Commodore Perry, U.S. Naval commander, opened the door to Japan

Sacagawea, Important aide to Lewis&Clark

Ignaz Semmelweis, proponent of hygienic practices

Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology

F R Spofforth, Australian cricketer

Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom

William Wilberforce, Abolitionist, Philanthropist

Hong Xiuquan inspired China's Taiping Rebellion, perhaps the bloodiest civil war in human history

Show business and Theatre

Sarah Bernhardt, actress

Edwin Booth, actor

Anton Chekhov, playwright

Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild West legend, and showman

Eleonora Duse, actress

Henrik Ibsen, playwright

Edmund Kean, actor

Charles Kean, actor

Jenny Lind, opera singer called the Swedish Nightingale

Céleste Mogador, dancer

Lola Montez, exotic dancer

Annie Oakley, Wild West, sharp-shooter

Ellen Terry, actress

Athletics

Cap Anson, baseball player

Gentleman Jim Corbett, heavyweight boxer

Big Ed Delahanty, baseball player

Bob Fitzsimmons, heavyweight boxer

Pud Galvin, baseball player

Olympic Games, 1894 the IOC is formed, and the first Summer Olympics games are held in Athens, Greece in 1896

Old Hoss Radbourn, baseball player

John L. Sullivan, heavyweight boxer

Business

Andrew Carnegie, Industrialist, philanthropist

Henry Clay Frick, Industrialist, art collector

Jay Gould, Railroad developer

Andrew W. Mellon, Industrialist, philanthropist, art collector

J.P. Morgan, banker, art collector

John D. Rockefeller, Business tycoon, philanthropist

Levi Strauss, clothing manufacturer

Famous and infamous personalities

William Bonney aka Billy the kid, Wild West, outlaw

James Bowie, Soldier, Texan who died at the Alamo, invented the Bowie knife

Jim Bridger, Wild West, Mountain man

John Brown, a fanatical abolitionist who led an armed insurrection at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859.

Kit Carson, Wild West, frontiersman

Cochise, Chiricahua Apache leader

George Armstrong Custer, soldier, whose last stand was in the Wild West

Wyatt Earp, Wild West, lawman

Pat Garrett, Wild West, lawman

Geronimo, Chiricahua Apache leader

Wild Bill Hickock, Legendary Wild West, lawman

Doc Holliday, Legendary Wild West, gambler, gunfighter

Crazy Horse, War leader of the Lakota

Frank James, Wild West, outlaw, older brother of Jesse

Jesse James, Legendary Wild West, outlaw

Calamity Jane, Frontierswoman

Bat Masterson, Wild West, lawman, gambler, newspaperman

William Poole aka Bill the Butcher, member of the New York City gang, the Bowery Boys, a bare-knuckle boxer, and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement.

Belle Starr Legendary Wild West, female outlaw

Nat Turner, led a slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia during August 1831.

Anthropology

Franz Boas

Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai

Lewis H. Morgan

Edward Burnett Tylor

Karl Verner

Journalists, missionaries, explorers

Roald Amundsen, explorer

Samuel Baker, explorer

Richard Francis Burton, explorer

The Lewis&Clark expedition, exploration

Horace Greeley, journalist

David Livingstone, missionary

Thomas Nast, journalist, caricaturist and editorial cartoonist

Robert Peary, explorer

John Hanning Speke, explorer

Henry M. Stanley, journalist

John L. O'Sullivan, journalist who coined Manifest Destiny

Visual artists, painters, sculptors

The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the Hudson River School was prominent. 19th century painters included:

Frederic Edwin Church

Thomas Cole

John Constable

Camille Corot

Gustave Courbet

Honoré Daumier

Edgar Degas

Eugène Delacroix

Thomas Eakins

Caspar David Friedrich

Hokusai

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

Eadweard Muybridge, pioneer photographer

Camille Pissarro

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Joseph Mallord William Turner

James McNeil Whistler

Tsukioka Yoshitoshi

Music

Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the nineteenth century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. Others included:

Arnold Bocklin

Literature

Romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain.
   French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began.
   The Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto.
   There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekov and Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Some other important writers of note included:

Leopoldo Alas

Hans Christian Andersen

Machado de Assis

Jane Austen

Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

Elizabeth Barret Browning

Lord Byron

François-René de Chateaubriand

Kate Chopin

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

James Fenimore Cooper

Stephen Crane

Emily Dickinson

Arthur Conan Doyle

Alexandre Dumas, père (1802-1870)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Nikolai Gogol

Juana Manuela Gorriti

Henry James

John Keats

Clorinda Matto de Turner

Herman Melville

Friedrich Nietzsche

Manuel González Prada

Aleksandr Pushkin

Arthur Rimbaud

John Ruskin

George Sand (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)

Percy Shelley

Mary Shelley

Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle)

Robert Louis Stevenson

Bram Stoker

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Alfred, Lord Tennyson

Henry David Thoreau

Mark Twain

Paul Verlaine

Jules Verne

HG Wells

Walt Whitman

William Wordsworth

Émile Zola

José Zorrilla

Science

The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals. Thomas Alva Edison gave the world light with his invention of the lightbulb. Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried out the arithmetization of analysis. But the most important step in science at this time was the ideas formulated by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included:

Amedeo Avogadro, physicist

Johann Jakob Balmer, mathematician, physicist

Henri Becquerel, physicist

Alexander Graham Bell, inventor

Ludwig Boltzmann, physicist

János Bolyai, mathematician

Louis Braille, inventor of braille

Robert Bunsen, chemist

Marie Curie, physicist, chemist

Pierre Curie, physicist

Louis Daguerre, chemist

Gottlieb Daimler, engineer, industrial designer and industrialist

Christian Doppler, physicist, mathematician

Thomas Edison, inventor

Michael Faraday, scientist

Léon Foucault, physicist

Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis

Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, physicist, astronomer

Josiah Willard Gibbs, physicist

Ernst Haeckel, biologist

Heinrich Hertz, physicist

Alexander von Humboldt, naturalist, explorer

Nikolai Lobachevsky, mathematician

William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, physicist

Robert Koch, physician, bacteriologist

Justus von Liebig, chemist

Auguste and Louis Lumière, inventors

Wilhelm Maybach, car-engine and automobile designer and industrialist.

James Clerk Maxwell, physicist

Gregor Mendel, biologist

Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist

Samuel Morey, inventor

Nicéphore Niépce,inventor

Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, inventor

Louis Pasteur, microbiologist and chemist

Bernhard Riemann, mathematician

Santiago Ramón y Cajal, biologist

Nikola Tesla, inventor

Philosophy and religion

The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including:

Bahá'u'lláh founded the Bahá'í Faith in Persia

Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist

William Booth, social reformer, founder of the Salvation Army

Auguste Comte, philosopher

Mary Baker Eddy, religious leader, founder of Christian Science

Friedrich Engels, political philosopher

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher

Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher

Karl Marx, political philosopher

John Stuart Mill, philosopher

William Morris, social reformer

Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher

Nikolai of Japan, religious leader, introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan.

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Hindu mystic

Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism

Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher

Joseph Smith, Jr. and Brigham Young, founders of Mormonism

Ellen White religious author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

Politics and the Military

Susan B. Anthony, U.S. women's rights advocate

Otto von Bismarck, German chancellor

John C. Calhoun, U.S. senator

Henry Clay, U.S. statesman, "The Great Compromiser"

Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America just before and during the American Civil War.

Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician

Frederick Douglass, U.S. abolitionist spokesman

Ferdinand VII of Spain

Joseph Fouché, French politician

John C. Frémont, Explorer, Governor of California

Giuseppe Garibaldi, unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldier

Isabella II of Spain

Gojong of Joseon, Korean emperor

William Lloyd Garrison, U.S. abolitionist leader

William Ewart Gladstone, British prime minister

Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general and president

George Hearst, U.S. Senator and father of William Randolph Hearst

Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism

Andrew Jackson, U.S. general and president

Thomas Jefferson, American statesman, philosopher, and president

Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence

Libertadores, Latin American liberators

Robert E. Lee, Confederate general

Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president; led the nation during the American Civil War

Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada, first Prime Minister of Canada

Mutsuhito, Japanese emperor

Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Chancellor

Napoleon Bonaparte, French general, first consul and emperor

Napoleon III

Cecil Rhodes

William Tecumseh Sherman, Union general during the American Civil War

Leland Stanford, Governor of California, U.S. Senator, entrepreneur

István Széchenyi, aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French politician

Harriet Tubman, African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, played a part in the Underground Railroad

William M. Tweed, aka Boss Tweed, influential New York City politician, head of Tammany Hall

Queen Victoria, British monarch

Hong Xiuquan, revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God

Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese Shogun (The Last Shogun)Further Information

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